Artificial Intelligence in K-12 Education: An Umbrella Review

This umbrella review examines the current state of artificial intelligence in education (AIEd) in K-12 by synthesizing 102 systematic reviews. In this umbrella review, we describe the characteristics of the reviews on AIEd, build a framework to summarize the review focuses, report the major findings in the reviews, and examine the quality of these reviews. The reviews have made a substantial contribution by synthesizing the advancement in AI education and development. Meanwhile, future work may focus more on the following directions: a) reviews on AI education and literacy; b) reviews on the empirical utilization of AI tools in education, c) more reviews on the theories used in AIEd, and (d) improving data management, extraction process, analysis method, and the report of limitations for systematic reviews. This umbrella review maps the territory of AIEd, synthesizes the major knowledge obtained through systematic reviews on AIEd, and identifies future directions. The framework we created can be used to guide future reviews in AIEd. The quality assessment rubric we refined can be used for future umbrella reviews in general.