Trends in Occupational and Educational Mobility across Social Groups in India: A Dive into Caste Intersectionality

This paper examines trends in educational and occupational mobility across social groups in India, with a particular focus on the intersection of caste with gender, economic status, and geography. Despite constitutional mandates and affirmative action policies aimed at reducing caste-based discrimination, the caste system continues to profoundly influence mobility pathways, particularly when intersecting with other social markers. Utilizing recent data on educational attainment and workforce participation, this study highlights persistent disparities for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs), especially for women and economically disadvantaged individuals within these groups. Findings suggest that while reservations have facilitated entry into higher education and government jobs, their impact is limited by socioeconomic and geographic constraints, as well as underrepresentation in the private sector. The analysis underscores the necessity for more nuanced, intersectional policies that consider multiple axes of disadvantage. By addressing the compounded barriers lower-caste individuals face, particularly in rural areas, and promoting inclusive policies beyond caste-based reservations, India can better support equitable social mobility and reduce the intergenerational persistence of inequality.