Cardiovascular Sequelae of COVID 19: A Narrative Review on Myocarditis, Microthrombosis, and Beyond
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Background: SARS CoV 2 infection has been linked to both acute and long-term cardiovascular (CV) complications.Objective: Provide a narrative synthesis of evidence on cardiac remodeling, myocarditis, arrhythmia, microthrombosis, and heart failure following COVID 19.Methods: We reviewed PubMed indexed clinical and epidemiologic studies (2020–2025) addressing post acute CV complications.Results: COVID 19 survivors face elevated risks of myocarditis (~6×), arrhythmias (~1.6×), and heart failure (1.7–2×) even after mild disease [1 3]. Endothelial dysfunction, microthrombi, direct myocardial injury, and inflammation underpin these sequelae [3 5]. CMR studies in athletes show low prevalence of clinically relevant myocarditis (~1–3%), with subclinical fibrosis in a minority [6 8].Conclusions: Persistent CV sequelae after COVID-19 are prevalent and clinically relevant; surveillance with imaging, biomarkers, and guideline-based therapy is imperative.
