Philosophy 2.0: Toward a Theory of Pure Reason in Cognitive Relativity

Philosophy traditionally seeks objective truths accessible through reason alone, but contemporary insights from cognitive science challenge this ideal, revealing significant biases and contextual constraints in human cognition. Responding to these challenges, this article introduces Generalized Cognitive Relativity, a theoret- ical framework arguing that all knowledge inherently depends on cognitive contexts 1shaped by historical, cultural, and subjective influences. By extending metaphor- ically from Einstein’s physical relativity, we contend that no cognitive frame holds a uniquely privileged access to reality, yet reality remains objectively accessible through rigorous cross-perspectival integration. Crucially, we redefine Kant’s no- tion of Pure Reason as a reflective metacognitive practice aimed at recognizing and countering inherent biases and subjective distortions. This approach significantly differs from classical pragmatism (Peirce) and contemporary perspectivism (Mas- simi), emphasizing that genuine objectivity requires continuous acknowledgment and critical analysis of both the historical trajectory of knowledge and the inevitable intrusion of subjective, cognitive, and supernatural biases. Thus, Philosophy 2.0 proposes not only a refined epistemological methodology but also repositions phi- losophy as an integrative meta-discipline capable of genuinely advancing toward longstanding philosophical truths.