Beyond Dark Energy: Cosmic Acceleration from a Higher-Dimensional Influence Model

This paper proposes an alternative explanation for the accelerated expansion of the universe, introducing a higher-dimensional influence model as a replacement for dark energy. Rather than invoking an unknown vacuum energy component (\Lambda), we introduce an external influence, X\left(a\right), arising from gravitational interactions with higher-dimensional structures beyond our observable universe.We derive a multi-phase evolution function for X\left(a\right) that remains consistent with:Hubble expansion data, which tracks cosmic expansion through galaxy observations [1].Type Ia supernova luminosity measurements, providing independent evidence of acceleration [2].Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies, which offer precise constraints on expansion history [3].Unlike conventional models, our framework naturally suppresses higher-dimensional effects in the early universe while allowing them to drive late-time acceleration. The results align with CMB peak shifts and observational constraints, offering a compelling alternative to dark energy in modern cosmology.We introduce a modified Friedmann equation incorporating X\left(a\right), representing the cumulative effects of higher-dimensional interactions with our 3D universe. The evolution function of X\left(a\right) ensures:Minimal influence in the early universe, preserving structure formation.Gradual growth over time, explaining late-time acceleration.Full agreement with Hubble expansion data and CMB anisotropies.This model provides a novel perspective on cosmic acceleration and establishes a testable higher-dimensional framework for future observations.