The Relationship Between Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Health-Related Parameters and the Impact of COVID-19 on 24 Regions in India: Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study
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Abstract
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has varied widely across nations and even in different regions of the same nation. Some of this variability may be due to the interplay of pre-existing demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors in a given population.
Objective
The aim of this study was to examine the statistical associations between the statewise prevalence, mortality rate, and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in 24 regions in India (23 states and Delhi), as well as key demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related indices.
Methods
Data on disease prevalence, crude mortality, and case fatality were obtained from statistics provided by the Government of India for 24 regions, as of June 30, 2020. The relationship between these parameters and the demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related indices of the regions under study was examined using both bivariate and multivariate analyses.
Results
COVID-19 prevalence was negatively associated with male-to-female sex ratio (defined as the number of females per 1000 male population) and positively associated with the presence of an international airport in a particular state. The crude mortality rate for COVID-19 was negatively associated with sex ratio and the statewise burden of diarrheal disease, and positively associated with the statewise burden of ischemic heart disease. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the COVID-19 crude mortality rate was significantly and negatively associated with sex ratio.
Conclusions
These results suggest that the transmission and impact of COVID-19 in a given population may be influenced by a number of variables, with demographic factors showing the most consistent association.
Article activity feed
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable As age and male sex have both been associated with mortality due to COVID-19,9,16 mean life expectancy for each state and sex ratio per state, defined as the number of women per 1000 men, were obtained from the same source. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources 19 Data analysis: Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS 20.0, IBM Corporation). SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are …
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable As age and male sex have both been associated with mortality due to COVID-19,9,16 mean life expectancy for each state and sex ratio per state, defined as the number of women per 1000 men, were obtained from the same source. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources 19 Data analysis: Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS 20.0, IBM Corporation). SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable As age and male sex have both been associated with mortality due to COVID-19,9,16 mean life expectancy for each state and sex ratio per state, defined as the number of women per 1000 men, were obtained from the same source. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS 20.0, IBM Corporation). SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)R…
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable As age and male sex have both been associated with mortality due to COVID-19,9,16 mean life expectancy for each state and sex ratio per state, defined as the number of women per 1000 men, were obtained from the same source. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS 20.0, IBM Corporation). SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
About SciScore
SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore is not a substitute for expert review. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers) in the manuscript, and detects sentences that appear to be missing RRIDs. SciScore also checks to make sure that rigor criteria are addressed by authors. It does this by detecting sentences that discuss criteria such as blinding or power analysis. SciScore does not guarantee that the rigor criteria that it detects are appropriate for the particular study. Instead it assists authors, editors, and reviewers by drawing attention to sections of the manuscript that contain or should contain various rigor criteria and key resources. For details on the results shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.
-
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable As age and male sex have both been associated with mortality due to COVID-19,9,16 mean life expectancy for each state and sex ratio per state, defined as the number of women per 1000 men, were obtained from the same source. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS 20.0, IBM Corporation). SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)R…
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable As age and male sex have both been associated with mortality due to COVID-19,9,16 mean life expectancy for each state and sex ratio per state, defined as the number of women per 1000 men, were obtained from the same source. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS 20.0, IBM Corporation). SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
About SciScore
SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore is not a substitute for expert review. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers) in the manuscript, and detects sentences that appear to be missing RRIDs. SciScore also checks to make sure that rigor criteria are addressed by authors. It does this by detecting sentences that discuss criteria such as blinding or power analysis. SciScore does not guarantee that the rigor criteria that it detects are appropriate for the particular study. Instead it assists authors, editors, and reviewers by drawing attention to sections of the manuscript that contain or should contain various rigor criteria and key resources. For details on the results shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.
-
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable As age and male sex have both been associated with mortality due to COVID-19,9,16 mean life expectancy for each state and sex ratio per state, defined as the number of women per 1000 men, were obtained from the same source. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS 20.0, IBM Corporation). SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)R…
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable As age and male sex have both been associated with mortality due to COVID-19,9,16 mean life expectancy for each state and sex ratio per state, defined as the number of women per 1000 men, were obtained from the same source. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS 20.0, IBM Corporation). SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, RRID:SCR_002865)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
About SciScore
SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore is not a substitute for expert review. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers) in the manuscript, and detects sentences that appear to be missing RRIDs. SciScore also checks to make sure that rigor criteria are addressed by authors. It does this by detecting sentences that discuss criteria such as blinding or power analysis. SciScore does not guarantee that the rigor criteria that it detects are appropriate for the particular study. Instead it assists authors, editors, and reviewers by drawing attention to sections of the manuscript that contain or should contain various rigor criteria and key resources. For details on the results shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.
-
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable As age and male sex have both been associated with mortality due to COVID-19,9,16 mean life expectancy for each state and sex ratio per state, defined as the number of women per 1000 men, were obtained from the same source. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS 20.0, IBM Corporation). SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, SCR_002865)Data from additional tools added to each annotation on …
SciScore for 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163287: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Institutional Review Board Statement not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Sex as a biological variable As age and male sex have both been associated with mortality due to COVID-19,9,16 mean life expectancy for each state and sex ratio per state, defined as the number of women per 1000 men, were obtained from the same source. Table 2: Resources
Software and Algorithms Sentences Resources Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20 (SPSS 20.0, IBM Corporation). SPSSsuggested: (SPSS, SCR_002865)Data from additional tools added to each annotation on a weekly basis.
About SciScore
SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore is not a substitute for expert review. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers) in the manuscript, and detects sentences that appear to be missing RRIDs. SciScore also checks to make sure that rigor criteria are addressed by authors. It does this by detecting sentences that discuss criteria such as blinding or power analysis. SciScore does not guarantee that the rigor criteria that it detects are appropriate for the particular study. Instead it assists authors, editors, and reviewers by drawing attention to sections of the manuscript that contain or should contain various rigor criteria and key resources. For details on the results shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.
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