Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)-derived cellulose nanofibril/methyl cellulose nanocomposite-based transdermal film for controlled release of Diclofenac sodium

The members of the Pontederiaceae family, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is an aquatic plant high in natural fibers containing cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Extracted by homogenization, grinding, and refining, CNFs—high-aspect-ratio nanoscale fibers with biocompatibility and unusual chemical structure—are Their uses in systems of medication delivery have attracted a lot of interest recently. This work focuses on the creation of CNF-based transdermal films for the controlled release of diclofenac sodium, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID) generally used for arthritis, pain, and musculoskeletal diseases. Just half of orally given diclofenac sodium enters systemic circulation due to its limited bioavailability and hepatic first-pass metabolism. By means of continuous drug release, transdermal films provide an alternate drug delivery method that increases therapeutic efficacy, lowers systemic adverse effects, and improves patient compliance. Various matrix transdermal films were developed in this work with varied CNF ratios and assessed for drug penetration and release via the skin. In the process of film development, CNFs provide a good matrix material that guarantees regulated drug diffusion. Among the other benefits the transdermal films offer are lower dose frequency, better self-administration, and steady therapeutic drug levels over a longer length of time. The aim of this work is to develop and assess CNF-based transdermal films to attain a constant and efficient medication concentration for extended therapeutic efficacy.