Integrating One Health and Planetary Health Frameworks in Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response

Background: Traditional, sector-specific approaches to pandemics and existing response frameworks proved inadequate, as exemplified by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. In order to address existing gaps and sufficiently prepare for future pandemics, frameworks such as One Health (OH) and Planetary Health (PH) should be recognized and integrated into the health care system globally. Objectives: This systematic review assesses the extent to which OH and PH frameworks are integrated into Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response (PPPR) agreement, and identifies limitations of the OH-only approaches. Moreover, this paper discusses PH-enhanced disease modeling, various governance mechanisms, regional variations with locally implemented measures, and evaluation metrics. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, PsycInfo, Academic Search Premier, and Google Scholar (2010 - 2025) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Two-phase screening was performed in accordance with an automated screening pipeline (Python 3.10, pandas 2.0) with keyword-based extraction of variables mapped to seven research questions. Results: 52 studies were included in the paper from 108 initial records after removing 4 duplicates and excluding 52 studies via two-phase screening. Explicit OH + PH coupling was small (7.7 %) while the OH-only schemes prevailed (48.1 %), reflecting broader recognition and awareness. Key OH gaps were found to be: failure to address upstream environmental drivers, surveillance gaps for wildlife in 57.9% of reporting countries, limited integration of NCD and plant disease, and neglect of environmental AMR reservoirs. On the other hand, the addition of soil health, air quality, ecosystem integrity, and climate heuristic modeling to the PH framework showed an increase in its power. Geographic analysis showed Africa as the most studied region (9.6%); the Americas were underrepresented. Governance mechanisms were found to be universally fragmented, and financing was flagged as a critical bottleneck globally ($300M disbursed vs. $31.1B annual need). Conclusion : Resilient and equitable pandemic governance requires the combination of operational surveillance of OH and systemic, long-term multispecies prevention paradigms of PH. Future priorities should include institutionalizing and deploying integrated OH+PH surveillance, developing predictive climate health models, enhancing control over zoonotic disease, incorporating environmental microbiome monitoring, and aligning financing with preventive ecology-oriented global health stewardship.