Life-space Mobility and Neighborhood Characteristics as Determinants of Health Outcomes Among Older Adults in a Nigerian Community

Background Life-space mobility and neighborhood environmental characteristics are important determinants of health outcomes among older adults. Reduced mobility and unfavorable neighborhood conditions can limit independence, lower quality of life, and affect overall wellbeing. Identifying these factors is essential for developing interventions that promote healthy ageing. This study aimed to examine the relationships between life-space mobility, neighborhood characteristics, and health outcomes among community-dwelling older adults in Enugu, Nigeria. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 85 older adults aged 60 years and above residing in Uwani, Enugu South Local Government Area. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, including the Life-Space Assessment (LSA) for mobility, the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) for neighborhood characteristics, and the EQ-5D instrument for health outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and study variables. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was performed to identify associations between life-space mobility, neighborhood characteristics, and health outcomes. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Most participants demonstrated moderate to relatively high life-space mobility, with neighborhood walkability perceived as moderate across most domains. The mean EQ-5D index value was 0.64 ± 0.31, indicating moderate health-related quality of life. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive association between life-space mobility and health outcomes (r = 0.375, p < 0.001). Among neighborhood characteristics, land use mix access (r = 0.340, p = 0.001) and personal safety (r = 0.274, p = 0.011) were positively associated with health outcomes, while other environmental domains were not significantly related (p > 0.05). Conclusion Life-space mobility, access to neighborhood destinations, and perceived personal safety were significantly associated with health outcomes among older adults. Interventions targeting mobility support and age-friendly neighborhood improvements may promote healthy ageing and improve quality of life. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs are recommended to explore causal relationships between neighborhood environments, mobility, and health outcomes.