Waste to Nano material approach: Iron Oxide Nanoparticles synthesized from Litchi chinensis peel extract (LC-Fe2O3-NPs) for the removal of toxic dyes

The synthesis strategy concentrates on reducing the use of dangerous chemicals, using nanotechnology to clean up toxic substances in wastewater, and making sure that the produced nanoparticles have no effect in the environment. Because Litchi chinensis extract has good adsorptive qualities and contains phytochemicals such flavonoids, phenolics, and steroids, it was used in this study to create Iron Oxide nanoparticles. Litchi chinensis Iron Oxide nanoparticles (LC-Fe ₂ O ₃ -NPs) are formed as a result of these bioactive substances' natural reducing and stabilizing effects. LC-Fe ₂ O ₃ -NPs eliminated Congo Red and Alizarin Red S with efficiencies of 95.62% and 96%, respectively, at an initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L. The maximum adsorption capabilities of LC-Fe ₂ O ₃ -NPs for Congo Red and Alizarin Red S dyes were 171.23 mg/g and 186.66 mg/g, respectively. Particles with irregular shapes and sizes smaller than 100 nm. The surface appearance, elemental content, crystalline structure, and functional groups of the produced LC-Fe ₂ O ₃ -NPs were examined using SEM-EDX, TGA, XRD, FTIR techniques and XPS, BET analysis. The experiment to remove Congo Red (CR) and Alizarin Red S (ARS) dyes is based on the adsorption approach. Various parameters, including temperature, initial dye concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and agitation time, were reported and adjusted. Equilibrium data analysis revealed that the Freundlich isotherm model best explained the adsorption behavior for LC-Fe ₂ O ₃ -NPs. Additionally, thermodynamics and kinetics were examined. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization studies were examined and contrasted with experimental data.