Understanding the Impact of Increasing Legal and Illegal Immigration and Declining Job Opportunities in Somaliland

Somaliland has experienced rising levels of both legal and illegal immigration amid declining employment opportunities and growing socio-economic pressures. This study examines the impacts of immigration on labor markets, social cohesion, security, and institutional capacity. A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured interviews with 19 key informants drawn from government institutions, NGOs, civil society, academia, the private sector, and security agencies. Thematic analysis identified five major findings. First, economic anxiety and labor competition were reported, with immigrants concentrated in low-skilled sectors, contributing to wage suppression and perceived displacement of local workers. Second, security concerns were associated with porous borders and undocumented migration. Third, the growing crisis of unaccompanied minors and street-connected children emerged as a serious humanitarian concern, marked by exposure to exploitation, forced begging, substance abuse, and long-term social risks. Fourth, socio-cultural tensions and integration barriers were linked to differences in social norms and rising xenophobic attitudes. Finally, weak regulatory frameworks, low registration rates, and fragmented institutional responsibilities limited effective migration governance. The study concludes that immigration in Somaliland presents interconnected economic, social, humanitarian, and security challenges, underscoring the need for comprehensive immigration policies, strengthened institutional coordination, improved child protection mechanisms, and structured social integration strategies.