Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Phylogenetic Relationships of Rabbit Populations in Africa Using Molecular Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) are emerging micro-livestock in Africa, contributing to food security and rural livelihoods. However, a comprehensive assessment of their genetic diversity remains lacking, hindering conservation and breeding strategies. This systematic review and meta-analysis quantified continent-wide genetic diversity, identified factors influencing diversity patterns, assessed population structure, and provided evidence-based conservation recommendations. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched four databases for studies (2010-2025) reporting molecular marker-based genetic diversity in African rabbits. Two independent reviewers screened 623 records; 15 studies (115 populations, 1,847 individuals) met the inclusion criteria. Random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression were conducted using OpenMee software, with biome type and marker characteristics as moderators. Pooled expected heterozygosity was H _e = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.67-0.75) and observed heterozygosity H _o = 0.64 (95% CI: 0.60-0.68), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 89-92%). Nigeria showed the highest diversity (H _e = 0.94), while South Africa showed the lowest (H _o = 0.21). Meta-regression revealed significant effects of biome type (F = 12.4, p < 0.001) and marker type (β = 0.024, p = 0.003). Savannah ecosystems maintained the highest diversity (H _e = 0.84), while mountainous biomes showed greater variability (H _e = 0.68). Widespread inbreeding was detected (mean F _IS = 0.12), with the highest levels in mountainous regions (F _IS = 0.18). Moderate genetic differentiation (F _ST = 0.14) indicated limited gene flow. No publication bias was detected (Egger's test: p > 0.05). This first continent-wide synthesis reveals substantial geographic and ecological variation in African rabbit genetic diversity, with biome-specific patterns requiring tailored conservation strategies. High diversity in West African savannah contrasts with genetic erosion in southern mountainous regions, highlighting urgent conservation priorities.