Optimization of Raw Material Preparation for Bioethanol Production from Banana Peel Waste and Addition of Nutrient Liquid Fertilizer from Fish Processing Waste Using Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) Method

The world has relied on fossil fuels as its primary energy source. While fossil fuels still dominate power generation, renewable energy sources such as biomass are gaining recognition due to the implementation of energy policies and growing awareness of the importance of environmentally friendly energy. Bioethanol as a fuel has emerged as a viable alternative because it can reduce environmental pollution and petroleum consumption. One type of lignocellulosic biomass that can be used as bioethanol is banana peel. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature variations and drying of banana peels on the results of moisture and ash content, hydrolysis temperature variations on reducing sugar content, and variations in pH, nutrients, and fermentation duration on carbon dioxide gas volume, content, and bioethanol yield. Banana peels as the main ingredient in bioethanol production go through three stages that are varied: drying, hydrolysis, and fermentation. The hydrolysis and fermentation processes were optimized using the SHF (Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation) method to determine the effect of each process parameter. The results of the study showed that the optimal conditions for the banana peel drying process were at a temperature of 80 ^o C for 8 hours with a water content of 6.23 ± 0.03% and an ash content of 9.65 ± 0.10%. Testing of reducing sugar levels using the DNS method resulted in reducing sugar levels of 52.71 ± 0.19 g/L at 80 ^o C and 83.67 ± 0.28 g/L at 100 ^o C. Total carbon dioxide gas volume, concentration and maximum bioethanol yield of 605 mL, 47.60%, and 75.51%, were obtained at a pH of 5.5 nutrients in the form of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) from fish processing waste, and a fermentation duration of 5 days. These results show that Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) from fish processing wastewater can be used as an alternative nutrient besides urea in the production of bioethanol from banana peel waste.