Phenotypic Behaviour and Association Analysis of Agronomic traits, Proximate, Nutrients and Quality Attributes of West Africa

Background West African okra ( Abelmoschus caillei ) is a valuable crop for food security and nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa, yet its ability for biofortification remains underutilized. Comprehending the genetic variability and interrelationships among agronomic, proximate, nutrient, and quality traits is important for breeding nutrient-rich, high-yielding varieties to combat malnutrition. Methods Twenty-one accessions of West African okra were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Phenotypic data were collected on fruit yield components, proximate composition (protein, fiber, ash), nutrient content (zinc), and quality attributes (viscosity) in both fresh fruits and okra meal. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, correlation, clustering, and regression to elucidate trait associations and identify promising genotypes. Results Significant genetic variability was observed for yield, protein, fiber, zinc, ash, and viscosity. Genotypes OK18, OK14, and OK17 excelled in fruit yield, while OK3, OK5, and OK6 showed superior protein, ash, and zinc content. Cluster and correlational network analysis showed distinct groupings and positive associations among key nutritional and quality traits, indicating the potential for simultaneous improvement. Regression models identified fruit weight and number at seven days as strong predictors of total yield. The study showcased genotypes with multi-nutrient advantages and identified candidates for biofortification and hybridization. A curvilinear and linear relationships were established among fruit weight, protein, and fruit number, with regression analyses indicating that fruit number and weight at seven days were strong predictors of total fruit yield. Conclusion This study shows the genetic potential of West African okra to develop high-yielding, nutrient-dense varieties. Diallel hybridization among selected genotypes and integration of phenotypic and molecular analyses are recommended to accelerate progress toward food and nutrition security. This research provides foundational insights into biofortification strategies, supporting the development of West African okra varieties with enhanced agronomic performance and nutritional value. The study aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, delivering practical pathways to produce nutrient-rich crops that address the dietary needs of growing populations in West Africa and beyond. The findings underscore the importance of integrating phenotypic selection with molecular analysis to accelerate breeding for food security and the alleviation of malnutrition.