Serum Albumin, Calcium, and Phosphorus as Biomarkers Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients Undergoing Dialysis Therapy

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disorder characterized by metabolic and nutritional disturbances beyond renal filtration decline [1, 2]. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the clinical relevance of serum albumin, calcium, and phosphorus as complementary biomarkers in CKD patients undergoing dialysis therapy in Hodeidah, Yemen. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 120 patients receiving maintenance dialysis in 2021. Serum creatinine, albumin, calcium, and phosphorus levels were extracted from clinical records. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed to assess associations between biomarkers and renal dysfunction. Results Serum phosphorus increased progressively across CKD phases, while albumin levels declined slightly. Calcium remained relatively stable, likely reflecting therapeutic supplementation. Creatinine correlated positively with phosphorus (r = 0.41, p < 0.01) and negatively with albumin (r = − 0.36, p < 0.01). Regression analysis confirmed phosphorus as a positive predictor of creatinine (B = 0.39, p < 0.01), whereas albumin was a negative predictor (B = − 0.31, p < 0.01). Conclusion Albumin, calcium, and phosphorus provide complementary insights into metabolic disturbances in CKD patients on dialysis. Their combined assessment may enhance clinical monitoring beyond creatinine alone [10, 17, 18, 23]. Larger, multicenter studies are warranted to validate these findings and i