Udder and Teat Affections in Female Dromedary camels: Frequency, Risk Factors, Clinical Findings and Treatment Outcomes

Udder and teat lesions are among the most important health problems affecting milk production, welfare, and economy in camel’s industry. However, comprehensive epidemiological data describing their frequency, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes remain limited. This study aimed to determine the frequency, risk Factors, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of udder and teat lesions in dromedary camels. A total of 191 female camels with udder and teat lesions were included in this study based on the clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation. Lesions were classified according to anatomical site, type, age, breed, etiology, treatment approach, and outcome. Udder lesions were more frequent (78.53%, odds ratios (OR): 13.38; confidence intervals (CI) 99%: 8.13-21.94; p < 0.0001) than teat lesions (21.47%). Mastitis was the most frequent udder disorder (29.84 %), followed by fibrosis and wounds. Hyperkeratosis and teat wounds were the most common teat lesions. Lesions were most frequently observed in camels aged 5–10 years (OR: 3.6; CI 99%: 2.3-5.5; p < 0.001), and the majority were acquired in origin (98.96%). The Wadeh breed showed the highest proportion of udder and teat lesions (53.40%, OR: 2.6; CI 95%: 1.7 to 4.0; p < 0.001), followed by Sofor (30.37%) and Mejhem (16.23%). Ultrasonography successfully differentiated between lesions based on echotexture. Overall, treatment was successful in 171 cases (89.53%, OR: 73.1; CI 95%: 38.6 – 134.3; p = 0.0001) with complete clinical recovery. In conclusion: Early clinical and ultrasonographic examinations provide accurate diagnosis and prognosis of udder and teat lesions in dromedary camels. Surgical interventions serve as effective curative options for treating udder and teat lesions that do not respond to medicinal treatment.