Serum Apolipoprotein(a), Lipid Profile, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Cardiac Enzymes as Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective To study the relationship between apolipoprotein (a), lipid profile, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, and cardiac enzymes with type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of complications. Methods This observational case–control study included three groups: 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD-T2DM), 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without cardiovascular disease (Non-CVD-T2DM), and 100 age-matched apparently healthy controls. Lipoprotein (a), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fasting plasma glucose, cardiac enzymes, and lipid profile levels were measured, statistically analyzed and compared with the control group. Results The study shows significant differences were observed between the control group and T2DM patients. Lp(a) and hs-CRP levels were significantly increase in diabetic patients, with the highest levels found in individuals with CVD (P ≤ 0.001). Diabetic patients also showed significant increase in the levels of FBS, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and LDL-C, along with decrease HDL-C compared with controls (P ≤ 0.001). Moreover, CPK and LDH, were significantly increased in diabetic patients, especially in CVD group. Correlation analysis showed significant positive associations between Lp(a) and fasting glucose, lipid parameters, and cardiac enzymes. These findings suggest a significant relationship between elevated Lp(a), systemic inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and cardiovascular complications in patients with T2DM. Conclusions Lipoprotein(a) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein could be considered as effective biomarkers for predicting, diagnosing, and monitoring major heart complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.