Oral Nanoencapsulated Wheat Germ Oil Attenuates Dose-dependent Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Hepatorenal Toxicity in Male Rats

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO ₂ -NPs) are extensively used nanomaterials associated with oxidative stress mediated organ toxicity. This study investigated the dose-dependent hepatorenal toxicity of TiO ₂ -NPs in adult male rats and evaluated the protective efficacy of free and nanoencapsulated wheat germ oil (WGO), focusing on oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage. WGO composition was characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and its antioxidant activity was assessed in vitro . Hepatic and renal titanium accumulation analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry ICP. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, liver and kidney function, antioxidant enzyme activities, and DNA damage were determined. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess tissue injury and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and GP88). WGO was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and demonstrated strong antioxidant activity. TiO ₂ -NPs exposure resulted in significant hepatic and renal titanium accumulation, elevated oxidative stress and DNA damage, impaired organ function, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and marked histopathological alterations with increased TNF-α and GP88 expression. Co-administration of WGO significantly attenuated these changes, with nanoencapsulated WGO providing greater protective effects than the free form of oil, likely through enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, supporting its potential as a pharmacological strategy against nanoparticle-induced oxidative injury.