Sleep Quality and Its Associated Factors among Malaysian Adults: Cross-Sectional Findings from the May Measurement Month 2025 Participants

Background Poor sleep quality is increasingly recognised as an important determinant of cardiometabolic health. However, community-based data integrating sleep assessment with blood pressure and body composition measures in Malaysia remains limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of poor sleep quality and its associated factors among participants of the May Measurement Month (MMM) 2025 blood pressure screening campaign in Malaysia. Methods This cross-sectional study included 907 adults (median age ± interquartile range: 40 ± 35; 67.4% females), recruited from community-based screening sites in the greater Klang Valley. Sleep quality was assessed using the Brief Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (B-PSQI) and categorised as good or poor based on a validated cut-off score. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviours (smoking, vaping, alcohol intake, caffeine consumption, and vigorous physical activity), hypertension status (including awareness and blood pressure control), and anthropometric/body composition measures were collected. Bivariate analyses were conducted using appropriate statistical tests, followed by multivariable logistic regression to identify factors independently associated with poor sleep quality after adjusting for potential confounders. Results Poor sleep quality was observed in 31.8% of participants. Ethnicity, vaping, and vigorous exercise were significantly associated with sleep quality. After adjustment, participants from other minority ethnic groups had higher odds of poor sleep compared with Malays (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.39–8.52; p  = 0.008). Past vapers (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08–0.66; p  = 0.006) and never vapers (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.10–0.83; p  = 0.021) had lower odds of poor sleep compared with current vapers. Lack of vigorous exercise was associated with higher odds of poor sleep (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.25–2.23; p  = 0.001). Hypertension status and body composition indicators were not independently associated. Conclusion Nearly one in three MMM 2025 participants reported poor sleep quality. Minority ethnicity, current vaping, and physical inactivity were independently associated with poor sleep. Integrating sleep assessment and lifestyle counselling into cardiovascular screening initiatives may enhance preventive strategies in Malaysia.