Impact of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Genetic Variations on Prostate Cancer Susceptibility in a Jordanian Cohort

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major global health concern, characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Factors such as advanced age, androgen influence, and ethnic background are recognized as potential risk factors. Specific genetic variations in glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), enzymes critical for detoxifying environmental carcinogens, may increase PCa risk. Given inconsistent findings in previous studies and limited data from Jordan, we conducted a case-control study to examine the association between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and PCa risk in a Jordanian cohort. Methods: GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were analyzed in 150 patients with histologically confirmed PCa and 140 age-matched healthy controls. DNA extracted from peripheral blood was genotyped using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The GSTM1 null genotype was significantly associated with increased PCa risk (OR = 3.69, 95% CI = 1.30–10.44; P = 0.01). In contrast, the GSTT1 null genotype showed no significant association (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.32–2.62; P = 0.49). Combined GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes were also not associated with risk. Stratified analyses by Gleason score and smoking status revealed no significant differences. Conclusion: The GSTM1 null genotype may increase susceptibility to prostate cancer in the Jordanian population, whereas GSTT1 null and combined null genotypes do not appear to influence risk. These findings support the potential use of GSTM1 as a molecular biomarker for PCa risk and highlight the need for larger, multi-gene, and multi-population studies.