Invasive Streptococcus agalactiae Infections in Infants in Guangzhou, Southern China (2013-2022): Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Management Implications

Group B Streptococcus (GBS, Streptococcus agalactiae ) remains a leading cause of invasive infections in infants worldwide, despite the widespread implementation of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP). This study aimed to clarify the molecular and clinical characteristics of invasive GBS isolates from infants in Guangzhou, China (2013–2022). A total of 131 GBS strains were collected from blood cultures (n = 98) and cerebrospinal fluid cultures (n = 33) of infants aged ≤ 90 days. All isolates underwent capsular serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), virulence gene profiling (including CylE , HylB , Alp family genes, and pilus islands genes), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Of the 131 GBS isolates, 37 (28.2%) caused early-onset disease (EOD) and 94 (71.8%) caused late-onset disease (LOD). The hypervirulent III/ST17 clone was the predominant lineage (56.5%) and was associated with LOD. Serotype Ia accounted for 15.3% of all isolates and was correlated with respiratory distress in EOD cases. All isolates carried the CylE and HylB toxin genes, with Rib being the most prevalent surface protein gene (71.8%). PI-2b (67.9%) was the major pilus island and was exclusively detected in serotype III/CC17 strains. Resistance rates to clindamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline exceeded 80%, while all isolates remained susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin. This study confirms that the III/ST17 clone is the primary driver of GBS LOD and identifies an association between serotype Ia and respiratory distress in GBS EOD. It further underscores the value of continuous molecular surveillance for guiding targeted prevention strategies and optimizing clinical management of invasive GBS disease in infants.