Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Oenocarpus bataua Mart: a metabolomic and in silico study

Diabetes-associated oxidative stress and accelerated postprandial carbohydrate digestion are complementary therapeutic targets that motivate the identification of multifunctional plant metabolites. Here we integrated phytochemical profiling, bioactivity assays and in silico analyses to characterize peel, pulp and seed extracts from Oenocarpus bataua Mart., an Amazonian palm. Seed extracts exhibited the highest total phenolic content (2250.8 mg GAE/100 g dw) and pronounced antioxidant capacity (DPPH IC ₅₀ = 17.0 µg/mL; ABTS IC ₅₀ = 20.1 µg/mL; FRAP = 485.5 µmol Fe ²⁺ /g dw), whereas pulp showed intermediate responses. Potent α-amylase inhibition was observed for pulp and seed extracts (IC ₅₀ = 3.93 and 3.47 µg/mL), surpassing acarbose, while α-glucosidase inhibition was strongest in pulp and peel. UPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS/MS annotated procyanidins (B1–B3, C1), catechins and flavonoid glycosides. Molecular docking identified procyanidin B2 (ΔG ≈ −10.1 kcal/mol) as a high-affinity ligand for digestive enzymes, and ADMET screening supported its prioritization. These findings define tissue-specific bioactivities and highlight pulp and seed as promising sources of glycemia-modulating phytochemicals.