Optimized Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Sustainable Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Modified Metaheuristic-Based Techno-Economic Analysis Across Geographically Diverse Indian Regions

This is an all-inclusive study examining the technical feasible and economic possible possibilities of grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems with electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) installed in three geographically dispersive areas in India. The energy-efficient algorithm (MSSA) a newmodified salp swarm algorithm (MSSA) is applied and optimizedwith Levy Flight distribution and optimized particle swarm optimization (PSO) to optimize the system component sizingand minimizes the total net present cost (TNPC) and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). System modeling and optimization is done by using the MATLAB-based simulation platform. The research fills critically important research gaps by comparing the complementary wind and solar resources in New Delhi,Ahmedabad, and Madurai, which have conflicting potentials of renewable energy. Findings indicate New Delhi gives the most cost-effective set-up with TNPC of 14,853.63 and LCOE of 0.0051/kWh with MSSA. Optimized PSO method has an equivalent performance with improved convergence properties with 35 percent reduction of the number of computational iterations than MSSA without compromising the quality of the solution. The best system has 120 solar photovoltaic panels (325W rated capacity) and 310 wind turbines (650 W rated capacity)with a production of 591,117 kWh/annually with 64.5 percent contribution of the wind and 33.5 percent contribution of the solar energy. When comparing Ahmedabad with Madurai, it can be concluded that the city of Ahmedabad needs significantly varied optimization settings when it comes to the exceptional coastal wind strengths, whereas Madurai is portrayed with balanced solar-wind complementary. Both MSSA and optimizedPSO show better convergence properties than the traditional algorithms. Through sensitivity analysis, it can be seen that feed-in tariff structure and discount rates play a very crucial role in the economic performance. The study offers evidence-based policy formulation aid to policymakers and utility providers intending on building sustainable EV charging infrastructures in developing countries, whose findings can be applied to renewable energy penetration in transport electrification projects.