Doctors' and Pharmacists' Knowledge of Mental Frailty in Older Adults: A Scoping Review

Background Population ageing is associated with an increasing prevalence of frailty, representing a major public health challenge due to its association with decreased independence, higher morbidity, increased hospitalizations and institutionalization, and premature mortality. Frailty is understood as a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing physical, cognitive, mental, and social components. However, the mental dimension remains insufficiently addressed in primary care practice. Objective This scoping review aims to analyze existing research on the knowledge and skills of family physicians and pharmacists in recognizing mental frailty in older adults and to identify gaps and needs related to its management. Methods A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, following the population–concept–context framework. A systematic search was performed across multiple databases, supplemented by a manual search of references. Publications in English and Slovenian from 2014 to 2024, with additional relevant sources from 2025, were included. Data were charted in a standardised table and analysed thematically. Results Twenty-one sources were included. Three main themes were identified: (i) understanding and recognition of mental frailty, (ii) addressing mental frailty in practice, and (iii) systemic barriers, challenges, and educational needs. Knowledge gaps exist among physicians and pharmacists in recognizing mental frailty. The findings revealed inconsistent terminology, variable definitions, and a lack of validated tools for identifying mental frailty in primary care. Relevant clinical competencies and educational approaches are poorly documented in the existing literature. Conclusion Early identification of mental frailty and the use of holistic, interdisciplinary approaches in primary care are essential. Systematic training of healthcare professionals and consistent integration of the biopsychosocial model are crucial to improve recognition and management of mental frailty in older adults.