Emerging Maritime Threats in Global Geopolitics: GPS Spoofing as a Tool of Hybrid Warfare in Strategic Maritime Chokepoints

This research examines the operational deployment of GPS spoofing as an emerging threat to maritime security, analyzing critical incidents in strategically vital waterways that demonstrate sophisticated electronic warfare capabilities against commercial shipping. Through detailed case study analysis of the May 2025 MSC ANTONIA grounding in the Red Sea and the 2019 Stena Impero seizure in the Strait of Hormuz, this paper reveals how GPS spoofing has evolved from theoretical vulnerability to operational weapon within hybrid warfare strategies. The research identifies systematic campaigns employing sophisticated spoofing techniques that gradually manipulate vessel positioning while maintaining apparent signal integrity, making detection extremely challenging. Evidence indicates state-level involvement through proxy forces, particularly in regions of strategic importance, utilizing advanced electronic warfare capabilities that exceed typical non-state actor resources. The study reveals critical vulnerabilities in modern maritime navigation systems, including excessive GPS dependence, inadequate spoofing detection capabilities, and insufficient crew training for electronic warfare scenarios. Strategic implications encompass disruption of critical maritime chokepoints, erosion of trust in fundamental navigation systems, and escalation potential threatening global trade flows. The paper proposes comprehensive countermeasures encompassing technical solutions, procedural improvements, enhanced training requirements, and regulatory reforms to address this evolving threat to maritime security and international commerce.