Urban Heat and Nighttime Light Analysis for Planning Climate-Responsive Green Spaces in Tropical Cities Case Study: Bandar Lampung City

Tropical coastal cities such as Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, are experiencing rapid urbanization, leading to increased surface temperatures (Land Surface Temperature/LST) and energy consumption as reflected in nighttime light (NTL) emissions. These phenomena degrade environmental quality and reduce urban livability. This study aims to identify land potential for expanding green open spaces (GOS) by analyzing the spatial correlation between LST intensity and NTL emissions using the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method. Surface temperature data were derived from Landsat 8 imagery, while NTL data were sourced from the VIIRS satellite. The findings reveal a significant spatial relationship between high light emissions and elevated surface temperatures. Moreover, several zones with high LST intensity but low light emissions were identified as potential areas for GOS intervention. These results provide a scientific basis for formulating climate-adaptive urban planning strategies and enhancing environmental quality in rapidly growing coastal cities.