Design and synthesis of pyrazole–oxadiazole–thioacetamide hybrids with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties

A novel series of pyrazole–1,3,4-oxadiazole–thioacetamide hybrids was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and pharmacokinetic properties. The compounds were prepared via a multistep synthetic approach, and their structures were confirmed using spectroscopic techniques, including IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR. IR analysis revealed characteristic bands corresponding to N–H, C = O, C = N, and C–S functionalities, while ¹H NMR spectra displayed signals for aromatic, pyrazole, oxadiazole, and thioacetamide protons. The ¹³C NMR spectra further supported the assigned structures, showing resonances for carbonyl, heterocyclic, and aromatic carbons. The synthesized hybrids were screened for antimicrobial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as well as fungal pathogens. Several derivatives exhibited promising inhibitory activity, highlighting the potential of these scaffolds in combating microbial infections. Antioxidant potential was assessed using standard radical scavenging assays, demonstrating significant activity in selected compounds.