Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Stability and Biomarkers of Commercial and Modified Intraocular Lens (IOL) Models: A Numerical and Experimental Approach

This study aims to comprehensively investigate the mechanical stability of intraocular lenses (IOLs), which are of critical importance in cataract surgery, through an analysis of their haptic designs. Within the scope of the research, three commercial models (ALSEE, GF3, UD613) and five different geometric variations (V1–V5) derived from the GF3 model were comparatively analyzed in both dry and saline (simulating a 37°C body temperature) environments. The methodology is based on the simulation of computer-aided designs (CAD) created in SolidWorks under quasi-static compression forces (0.5–2.0 N) using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Mesh independence tests were conducted to ensure the accuracy of the simulations, and boundary conditions were defined in accordance with physiological parameters. The numerical data obtained were evaluated through primary mechanical biomarkers, including axial displacement, modulus of elasticity, stress, and strain. The findings revealed that the UD613 model exhibited the highest compression force and stress values in both environments. While the V5 variation had the highest modulus of elasticity in the dry environment, the V2 model stood out in this parameter within the saline environment. Notably, it was observed that the GF3 model provided more balanced mechanical responses compared to its commercial alternatives, forming the basis for the development of the model's geometric variations. The results of the study demonstrate that even minor modifications in haptic arm geometry have direct and significant effects on the mechanical stability of the lens. Optimizing mechanical stability is crucial in clinical applications to minimize effects such as decentration, tilt, and rotation, which degrade optical quality. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the V4 model offers the most suitable geometric structure in terms of mechanical stability and potential patient comfort. This research provides a validated simulation framework for manufacturers and R&D teams to develop next-generation IOL designs with high optical performance and long-term mechanical durability.