Optically-induced electrical nano-patterning

Micro- and nanopatterning techniques are essential for fabricating next-generation devices in electronics, photonics, and biotechnology, as they dictate material properties, surface interactions, and device performance through precise structural control at critical scales. These methods underlie the development of multiple innovations, such as high-density sensors, lab-on-a-chip systems, and advanced screening platforms used in molecular biology. However, current patterning methods often face limitations in scalability, cost, and compatibility with sensitive materials. Here, we demonstrate an optically-induced electrical nano-painting technique that enables pattern formation over centimeter-scale areas with ~ 280 nm spatial precision. Operating at light intensities comparable to sunlight, this scalable method is compatible with a broad range of functional inks including live bacterial cells, inorganic nanoparticles, biomolecules, and ionic compounds.