Assessment of Accessibility, Efficiency, Constraint of Artificial Insemination and Estrus Synchronization Services on Dairy Cows in Legambo District, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia

Dairy cow production supports income and nutrition in Ethiopia, but limited access to breeding technologies like AI and ES reduces adoption and reproductive performance. Scarce information on their efficiency, accessibility, and constraints further hinders dairy productivity in Legambo District. Thus, a cross-sectional survey was conducted from September–January 2025 to assess the accessibility, efficiency, and constraints of AI and ES services on dairy cows in Legambo District, South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. The relevant data were collected purposively among 96 dairy cow farmers using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed descriptively to evaluate service accessibility, efficiency, and constraints. Most respondents were male (66.7%), engaged in mixed farming (62.5%), and owned more than two dairy cows (42.8%). Access to AI services was low (31.3%), and ES programs were nearly nonexistent (2.08%). Utilization of services was limited (20.8%), but users reported relatively good outcomes 71.9% of cows conceived after a single insemination, 75% observed improved calving intervals, and 78.1% noted improved herd genetics. The major constraints identified were delayed service (26%), shortage of semen and materials (20.8%), limited technician skill (15.5%), lack of awareness (15.7%), and absence of structured ES programs (42.7%). Despite these challenges, 83.3% of farmers expressed willingness to adopt ES if services were improved. In conclusion, access and utilization of AI and ES services are limited in Legambo District, although farmers recognize their benefits. Improving dairy reproduction requires nearby AI centers, reliable supplies, skilled technicians, and farmer education on AI and ES.