Assessing social sustainability in the circular bioeconomy: A SO-LCA approach to a biofertilizer value chain

This research examines the role of agri-food systems in advancing social sustainability, recognizing their central importance in the pursuit of holistic sustainable development. The Circular Bioeconomy (CBE) offers a transformative framework for sustainable development; however, its social implications remain underexplored. This study assesses the social performance of a CBE value chain to evaluate its effectiveness in promoting social sustainability. Employing the Social Organizational Life Cycle Assessment (SO-LCA) methodology—recognized for its comprehensive, systemic approach to assessing social performance—a case study was conducted involving twelve organizations participating in a biofertilizer production chain in Spain. The Subcategory Assessment Method (SAM) was applied to examine 22 social subcategories across five key stakeholder groups: Workers, Local Community, Consumers, Value Chain Actors, and Society. Findings indicate that while CBE initiatives hold potential for enhancing social capital in rural areas through bio-based value chains, their tangible contributions to socially sustainable development remain limited. Most organizations comply with basic social performance criteria; however, proactive efforts toward systemic social transformation are scarce. Moreover, several subcategories reveal significant deficiencies, particularly in relation to gender equity and phosphorus nutrient management. The study concludes with targeted policy recommendations to strengthen the integration of social sustainability considerations within CBE strategies, emphasizing the development of circular and renewable phosphorus alternatives to mitigate social risks across the bio-value chain.