Multi-output logic computation with minimal dimerization networks

Competitive protein dimerization networks have recently been shown to compute basic logic functions, yet their potential for implementing circuit-level computation remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate whether small competitive dimerization networks can be combined or optimized to execute complex Boolean expressions. Using equilibrium modeling and optimization algorithms, we demonstrate that complete logic circuits, including a seven-segment display and a blood-type detection system, can be implemented within minimal single-layer networks. These optimized networks drastically reduce molecular complexity, enable multi-output computation, and overcome signal-propagation limitations inherent to network-assembled designs. Our results position competitive dimerization networks as a compact and efficient option for protein-level biocomputation.