Duration of Different Stages in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy and Analysis of Influencing Factors

Objective To examine the time intervals and influencing factors across two distinct stages in the diagnosis and treatment process of diabetic retinopathy. Methods This cross-sectional study included 283 patients newly diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy. We analyzed the duration from diabetes diagnosis to ocular symptom onset (the pre-symptomatic stage) and from symptom onset to diabetic retinopathy diagnosis (the symptom-to-diagnosis stage), identifying independent predictors via multivariable regression. Results The majority (62.5%) experienced a prolonged pre-symptomatic stage of ≥ 10 years. 69.6% were diagnosed within < 6 months of symptom onset. Independent predictors of a longer pre-symptomatic stage included poorer right-eye visual acuity, higher HbA1c, advanced diabetic retinopathy stage, younger diabetes onset, and certain occupations. A longer symptom-to-diagnosis stage was associated with worse self-perceived visual function and living with adult children rather than a spouse. Conclusion The timing of diabetic retinopathy diagnosis is influenced by interacting physiological, social, and behavioral factors. These findings highlight the importance of sustained metabolic control and regular screening in asymptomatic patients, as well as improved symptom awareness and family support to promote earlier diagnosis.