Investigating Sociocultural Risk Factors for Maternal Depression Among South Asian Mothers with Toddlers in the United Kingdom

Background South Asian women are at higher risk of experiencing maternal depression. This study explores the cultural, social, and environmental risk factors contributing to depression among British South Asian mothers with toddlers age 1–3 years. Toddler years are considered crucial and sensitive to maternal depression in developing optimal cognitive, motor, language and behavioural skills. While postnatal depression (PND) has been widely documented among South Asian women, this research specifically investigates the depressive symptoms beyond the first postnatal year; a period often overlooked in maternal mental health literature. Methods Using a qualitative design, in-depth interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of 19 South Asian mothers across the UK to understand their lived experiences. Reflexive thematic analysis was completed with hybrid deductive-inductive approach using pre-defined main topics and sub-themes were formed inductively using data. Results . The analysis identified three overarching themes. The first theme, risk factors for depression , reflected culturally embedded stressors, including hierarchical family structures emphasising obedience, high expectations and pressures, loss of traditional support networks, and challenge of keeping up with traditional roles of domestic responsibilities with balancing employment. The second theme, impact of depression , highlighted emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of willpower, and strained familial relationships, which collectively affected mothers’ wellbeing and parenting experiences. The final theme, overcoming depression , emphasised the importance of emotional support and encouragement, alongside the involvement of key stakeholders such as family members and community networks, in supporting mothers’ recovery. Conclusion These findings highlight the need for culturally responsive mental health services that address the multiple, layered risk factors faced by South Asian mothers, including cultural pressures and limited access to support systems. Policies should prioritise the strengthening of protective factors , such as family and partner involvement, community-based education, and improved engagement with health and social care services. Investment in culturally adapted psychosocial parenting programmes that integrate mental health support has the potential to improve maternal wellbeing and support healthier child development during the critical toddler years.