Resilience Enhancement in Microgrids viaOptimized DER Planning and EMS CoordinationUsing an MCR Approach

Resilience-based microgrid planning requires optimally sized distributed energyresources (DERs) capacities as well as flexibly modifiable operating strategiesunder disaster conditions. This work presents a framework to balance cost andresilience, in which solar photovoltaic (PV), fixed battery energy storage systems(FBESS), and mobile battery energy storage systems (MBESS) are optimallysized to serve critical loads under resilience thresholds. A Marginal Cost ofResilience (MCR) metric is employed to assess the cost-effectiveness of marginalDER capacity expansion, enabling systematic evaluation of cost–resiliencetrade-offs. In addition to DER optimization, an Energy Management System (EMS)–based disaster-mode load trimming strategy is incorporated as an operationalflexibility option. The algorithm facilitates trimming of moderate andleast critical loads in user-specified daily segments by operator-chosen percentages.Rather than introducing load trimming as a novel concept, the frameworkevaluates its financial efficiency relative to capacity-based solutions. The releasedcapacity improves the availability of the battery in meeting critical loads indisasters. The formulation of MCR is further extended to include disastermodeoperation costs such as pre-charging, load trimming penalty, and batterydegradation in terms of resilience targets. The proposed framework serves asa decision-support tool that integrates optimal DER sizing with EMS-basedoperational flexibility to support resilience-oriented microgrid planning.