Impact of Chemical and Fish (Tilapia nilotica) manure Fertilization Methods on Growth, Anatomical Development, Mineral Nutrition, and Grain Quality of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo

Background High yields of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo can be achieved sustainably when fertilization methods are designed to improve nutrient availability and reduce their potential ecological impact. Methods This study evaluated the effects of fish manure, applied alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers, on growth, anatomy, mineral uptake, protein composition, and amino acid profile of wheat. Results Obtained results demonstrated that fish manure significantly enhanced most morphological traits, including plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and yield components (68.56 cm, 15.7 cm, 9.39, gm, 4.76 gm and 6.8 ton) respectively, compared with untreated plants (45.69 cm, 7.39 cm, 3.22 gm, 1.64 gm and 5 ton) respectively. Anatomical improvements compared with control plants included thicker stem diameter (+ 7.71%) and root diameter (+ 27.96%), expanded vascular tissues in stem (length + 38.04 and width 68.91%), thicker diameter in vascular cylinder in root (+ 18.27%) and increased mesophyll thickness in leaf (+ 9.11%), supporting improved physiological functioning. Mineral composition analysis revealed higher concentrations of macro- and micronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Se, B) in treated plants. Nutritional quality indicators, crude protein, carbohydrate content, gluten, and both essential and non-essential amino acids, also increased under fish manure treatments. Correlation analysis showed strong positive associations between anatomical enhancement, nutrient enrichment, and protein quality traits, indicating an integrated response to organic fertilization. Conclusions These findings confirm that fish manure is an efficient low-pollution fertilizer capable of improving wheat growth, productivity, and nutritional quality, aligning with sustainable agriculture strategies.