Flavonoid loaded mineral clay-based 3D scaffold for bone tissue regeneration

For bone tissue regeneration, 3D printing ceramic materials is beneficial, however material synthesis and commercially accessible composites raise demand and decrease cost-effectiveness. Implementing more composite materials to the defective site may triggers oxidative stress to the surrounding cells. This study focuses on the development of 3D printed BEN-HAP scaffold infilled with flavonoids conjugated silk fibroin for bone tissue replacement for controlling oxidative stress during tissue regeneration. The silk fibroin infilled regions in the scaffold showed a sponge like fibre matrix that facilitates cell adhesion and proliferation which were observed under FESEM. Also, flake-shaped appetite formation was observed higher in SF-infilled scaffolds, confirming the calcium and phosphate mineralization layer. The scaffolds showed improved surface properties that facilitated slow water permeation and absorption compared with BEN-HAP scaffold. The biocompatibility results showed no toxic effect on hWJ-MSCs and RBCs additionally, the quercetin and hesperetin loaded SF-BEN-HAP scaffold showed more than 60% closure promoting a high cell migration rate at 10 µM concentration in scratch test assay. And a maximum reduction in ROS activity in hWJ-MSCs was observed when treated with 20 µM flavonoids.