Bandwidth Optimization and Miniaturization of a 2.45 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna Using a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization
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This paper presents a compact rectangular microstrip patch antenna optimized for operation in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. A chaos-initialized Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) framework is employed to jointly optimize the slot geometry and air-gap thickness with the objective of achieving antenna miniaturization while maintaining stable impedance matching and high radiation efficiency. An analytical air-gap model is incorporated into the optimization loop to enable efficient resonance control without relying on complex multilayer substrates or metamaterial loading. The antenna is designed on an RT-Duroid substrate and analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics. Experimental results demonstrate an impedance bandwidth defined by | S₁₁ | ≤ −10 dB, a measured peak gain of approximately 5.1 dBi, and a radiation efficiency exceeding 92% at 2.45 GHz. A patch area reduction of 92.4% is achieved relative to a conventional design, with close agreement observed between simulated and measured results.
