Oral Health Burden and Determinants of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among Geriatric Incarcerated Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Objectives This study aimed to comprehensively assess the oral health status and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among older Thai prisoners and to identify key determinants influencing these outcomes, particularly within the context of long-term incarceration. Ultimately, we sought to inform targeted interventions to improve the holistic well-being of this vulnerable population. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 141 older prisoners (aged ≥ 60 years) at Bang Kwang Central Prison, Thailand. Data included socio-demographics, physical health, and validated mental health indicators. Clinical oral examinations were conducted to assess oral hygiene, dental caries, periodontal status, and prosthetic needs. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with OHRQoL. Results The cohort (mean age: 69.26 years) exhibited severe oral health burdens, including poor oral hygiene (mean Oral Hygiene Index: 3.38), high caries prevalence (mean decayed teeth: 1.72), and limited occluding pairs (mean: 4.91). Multivariate analysis revealed that long-term incarceration (≥ 10 years; Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.58, p = 0.028) and depressive symptoms (AOR = 4.12, p < 0.001) were significant, independent predictors of lower OHRQoL. Conclusion Older incarcerated individuals in Thailand face pervasive poor oral health and diminished OHRQoL. Long-term incarceration and depressive symptoms are critical, modifiable determinants. Clinical Relevance: These findings underscore an urgent need for integrated oral health services and mental health support within correctional facilities, prioritizing this vulnerable geriatric population to mitigate health disparities and improve their overall quality of life during and after incarceration.