Transferable learning from pandemic experiences: impacts, adaptations and capacity for resilience within households, communities and organisations

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact the daily lives of people and communities. The physical and mental health, financial and social effects of the pandemic, and the subsequent cost-of-living crisis has furthered existing inequalities. The pre-pandemic precarity of finances and social capital among the most vulnerable communities has led to an exacerbation of poorer health and greater anxiety. The aim of this study was to explore how individuals, voluntary organisations and employers experienced the pandemic, and how they adapted to the changing situation of the pandemic and the challenges that have persisted since. Methods This study is part of the COVID-LIV research programme. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 49 participants from three societal strands: individuals/households (n = 27), community and voluntary organisations (n = 19), and employers (n = 6) within the Liverpool City Region. Data were analysed using thematic analysis underpinned by symbolic interactionism. Results Three overarching themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) Adapting to challenges: socio-economic and personal impact; and (3) Capacity for resilience: the pandemic and its legacy. COVID-19 and the period since have presented challenges. Closure of social spaces, changes to routine and restricted movement impacted mental and physical health. However, it was not felt equally by communities from different demographic and socio-economic backgrounds. While remote working and volunteering offered benefits, digital exclusion and burnout were challenges. Community organisations were more dynamic in meeting emerging needs, but system-wide limitations and funding constraints impacted the support available. Discussion Findings highlight the enduring nature of pandemic-related inequalities and the compounded effects of socio-economic shocks. Structural and individual-level interventions are essential to strengthen resilience and reduce disparities. Collaborative, community-driven solutions and equitable policy measures can mitigate future crises. Lessons from adaptive responses during COVID-19 provide valuable insights for enhancing preparedness and resilience in public health emergencies.