Deformation Characteristics of Weakly Cemented Overburden in Western Mining Areas: A Case Study of the Yili No. 4 Mine

Understanding the deformation behavior of weakly cemented overburden in western coalfields is critical for assessing mining-induced instability and groundwater hazards. In this study, we integrate FLAC3D numerical simulations with field monitoring data to quantify the influence of mining depth and face advance on overburden responses. Results reveal a characteristic “progressive growth–stabilization” evolution of vertical displacement, accompanied by a distinct development of the caving zone, water-conducting fracture zone, and plastic deformation zone. The heights of these zones exhibit strong sensitivity to mining thickness and depth, reflecting the inherent mechanical vulnerability of weakly cemented strata. The close agreement between simulation outputs and in situ measurements confirms the robustness of the modeling framework. Overall, this work provides essential quantitative parameters for water-inrush prevention in western mining areas, offering scientific guidance for designing waterproof coal-pillar heights and predicting fracture-zone propagation during mining operations.