Evaluation of Breast Lumps in Females Below 40 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study from a Rural and Semi-Urban Population

BACKGROUND To evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnostic patterns, treatment outcomes, and follow up of breast lumps in women aged 18–40 years, and to assess differences between rural and semi-urban populations. METHODS This prospective observational cohort study included 108 women aged 18–40 years with previously undiagnosed breast lumps. Participants underwent standardized clinical evaluation, imaging, and tissue diagnosis as indicated. Management strategies included surgery, medical therapy, or observation with follow up. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. RESULTS Ultrasonography was the most frequently used imaging modality (69.4%). Histopathology revealed benign lesions in 64.8%, malignant lesions in 27.8%, and atypical hyperplasia in 7.4%. Surgical intervention demonstrated the highest complete response rate (87.5%) with low complication (6.5%) and recurrence (2.8%) rates. Rural participants showed lower education and access to healthcare compared with semi-urban participants. CONCLUSIONS A structured diagnostic and management approach resulted in favorable outcomes in young women with breast lumps. Socio-demographic differences influenced presentation patterns but did not adversely affect treatment effectiveness. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.