Social determinants as a modulator of cognitive decline in individuals with type 2 Diabetes: A literature review

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease characterised by risk factors, including hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinism. Research relating to the impact of T2D is crucial to understanding its effect on public health. To date, research has established that T2D and cognitive decline (CD) do share a link through common risk factors; however, the influence of socioeconomic factors is less explored. Therefore, the literature review aims to study the impact that socioeconomic factors have on the relationship between T2D and CD. A literature search was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed. The search terms used included 'type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline,' 'type 2 diabetes and social determinants,' and 'social determinants and cognitive decline.' The inclusion criteria for the literature review consisted of primary research articles or review articles written in English and published between 2014 and 2025, covering the topic of interest (e.g., social determinants, cognitive decline, and type 2 diabetes). A total of 9 articles met the inclusion criteria for review and analysis (6 primary research papers, 2 narrative reviews, 1 systematic review). The results of the literature review indicated that significant biological and causal links exist between T2D and CD, with social determinants acting both as risk factors and potential treatment options for these chronic diseases. A common limitation among articles reviewed was a small sample population and methodological bias. Comprehending how social determinants of health influence T2D and CD may support more personalised risk assessment and targeted treatment strategies in diabetes care.