Adaptation Mechanisms of Hong Kong Secondary School Students to the Sudden Shift to Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Path Analysis of PISA 2022 Data

Based on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this research investigated the adaptation mechanisms of 2366 Hong Kong secondary school students in the sudden shift in learning mode during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study conducted path analysis based on structural equation modeling to explore how feedback via information and communication technology (ICT) affects the home learning experience through students’ self-directed learning and information literacy, ultimately leading to improved psychosomatic health. The findings indicated that feedback via ICT significantly enhances students' self-directed learning self-efficacy, information literacy, and home learning experience, further exerting positive effects on their well-being. Both self-directed learning self-efficacy and information literacy partially mediated the relationship between feedback and home learning experience. Additionally, the research highlighted the significant moderating roles of growth mindset and collaborative tendency within the related pathways. In summary, this study showed the crucial role of feedback, self-directed learning self-efficacy, and information literacy in the online learning mode. In future online or blended learning environments, educators should pay more attention to providing feedback to students' learning to promote their self-directed learning self-efficacy and information literacy. This will help them maintain learning efficiency and well-being in the absence of traditional learning environment supervision.