Risk-adapted intervals for colorectal cancer screening using fecal immunochemical tests

Background Established screening programs for colorectal cancer (CRC) based on fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) employ fixed screening intervals of either one year or two years for all participants. We aimed to assess the potential design of risk-adapted FIT screening intervals based on quantitative values of the fecal hemoglobin concentration among FIT negative participants. Methods Using COSIMO, a previously validated simulation tool, we compared CRC risks in subgroups with initially negative FIT. Subgroups were stratified by stool hemoglobin levels at screening (< 8 (low), 8-<10 (medium), 10-<17 µg (high) Hb/g stool), a routinely available measure in FIT-based screening programs. Colorectal neoplasia prevalences at model start were informed by 6,661 screening participants in Germany at average CRC risk with negative FIT and available colonoscopy results (BLITZ study). Simulations were run for hypothetical cohorts of 100,000 individuals. Results Of 6,661 FIT-negative participants, 6,016 (90%), 273 (4%), and 372 (6%) were in the low, medium, and high-negative subgroups, respectively. In those low-negative, expected cancer detection rates were 0.17%, 0.30%, 0.42%, 0.53%, and 0.62%, after screening intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. Cancer detection rates among the small groups of medium- and high-negative patients were up to six times higher and exceeded the expected 2-year detection rates of the low-negative group already after 1 year of follow-up. Conclusions Fecal hemoglobin concentrations among FIT negative participants may be a readily available, highly informative tool for defining risk-adapted annual or biennial FIT screening intervals.