Prevalence of ADHD and Its Associated Factors among University Students in Egypt: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

Background Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that persists in adulthood, affecting academic performance and daily functioning. Despite its significance, limited research has explored ADHD prevalence among university students in Egypt. Objective This study aims to estimate the prevalence of ADHD among Egyptian university students and identify associated risk factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire among students aged ≥ 18 years from various Egyptian universities. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) was used to assess ADHD symptoms. A non-probability convenience sampling technique was applied, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine predictors of ADHD positivity. Results A total of 3,136 responses were collected, with 2,383 valid responses included in the final analysis. The estimated prevalence of ADHD was 37.9% (95% CI: 36.0%–39.9%). Significant risk factors for ADHD positivity included female gender (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.10–1.58, p = 0.003), obesity (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.14–3.95, p = 0.019), smoking (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.25–3.01, p = 0.003), sleep disorders (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.77–2.55, p < 0.001), childhood trauma (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.18–1.71, p < 0.001), and history of mental health conditions (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.34–2.18, p < 0.001). Regular exercise was associated with lower odds of ADHD (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.44–0.70, p < 0.001). Conclusion ADHD prevalence among Egyptian university students is notably high, with multiple lifestyle and psychosocial factors contributing to its occurrence. These findings highlight the need for increased awareness, early screening, and targeted interventions to support affected students. Future research should further investigate the cultural and educational influences on ADHD in Egypt.