Bridging the Subjective-Objective Soundscape Gap: A Multi-Seasonal Framework for Prioritized Optimization in Urban Parks Under Traffic Noise

The soundscape of urban parks is increasingly impaired by traffic noise. However, there remains a lack of systematic quantitative analysis methods between objective acoustic parameters and public perceptions, resulting in a disconnect between objective measurements and subjective experiences.Taking Wuhan Daijiahu Park as the study area, we conducted multi-seasonal measurements of sound pressure levels and subjective assessments via soundwalks and introduced the Subjective-Objective Soundscape Variance (SOSV) index and an adapted Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to identify priority areas for optimization. Results showed significant seasonal variations, with traffic noise dominating except in summer when cicada sounds became prevailing. Equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (LAeq) correlated with distance to the 3rd Ring Road rather than to railways. SOSV analysis revealed that vegetation, water features, and enclosed spaces positively influence subjective evaluations. The adapted IPA classified 42.6% of the park as high-priority for improvement. This framework provides practical strategies for soundscape optimization in urban parks.The study explores landscape factors influencing soundscape discrepancies under complex traffic impacts, providing guidance for urban park soundscape planning.