Shadow Pandemic: IPV Experiences of Female Domestic Workers in Karachi, Pakistan during the COVID-19 Lockdown.

Background: The ‘shadow pandemic’ of gender-based violence escalated parallel with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explored how COVID-19 lockdowns may have impacted women’s empowerment and IPV patterns and the role of social support among female domestic workers (FDWs) in Pakistan. Methods: Exploratory qualitative research with in-depth interviews was conducted, based on Connell’s Theory of Gender and Power. Married FDWs were recruited by snowballing (n=40). Themes were identified for patterns and factors associated with IPV. Data were analyzed using Maxqda by conducting thematic coding. Results: Most FDWs in the sample lost jobs during lockdown; or paid partially. Conflicts increased in the family, primarily due to financial constraints. Loss of financial resources were more likely to experience IPV than participants without any economic loss. Most participants resorted to prayers and patience. Almost all were reluctant to seek help from police; nearly no one had information or access to organizations that support women in similar situations. Conclusion: It is crucial to understand the processes of changing marital power dynamics during crises to mitigate the ‘shadow pandemic’ of violence against women. The study informs policies to regulate the labor industry, especially during crises situations.