Failure Analysis and Computational Modelling of Fiber-Reinforced Rammed Earth Arches

Structural components composed of rammed earth are traditionally limited by low tensile strength and brittle failure modes. This study investigates the mechanical behaviour and failure mechanisms of rammed earth arches reinforced with jute fabric composites. Using a combined experimental and numerical approach, the structural response was evaluated under diverse loading conditions, including asymmetrical point loads, support settlement, and simulated seismic accelerations. The numerical framework was developed in ANSYS utilising the Drucker-Prager failure criterion to characterise the non-linear constitutive behavior of the earth matrix. Seven arch configurations were analysed to optimise the spatial distribution and bonding length of the jute reinforcement. Results demonstrate that full-length composite wrapping significantly enhances the load-carrying capacity of semi-circular and four-centered geometries, particularly under dynamic loading. Specifically, jute-strengthened pointed arches exhibited an 80% increase in capacity under asymmetrical loads. This research identifies optimal reinforcement topologies for different arch geometries—recommending dual-surface (intrados/extrados) strengthening for settlement resistance—and provides a validated mechanical model for the design of sustainable, reinforced earthen structures.