A network-based approach for mobilising knowledgeable actors to enhance adaptive governance of nature-based solutions

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly promoted as effective responses to urban challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and social inequality. However, their multifunctional and multi-scalar character places high demands on adaptive governance capable of fostering learning, coordination, and sustained collaboration among diverse actors. This study proposes a network-based method for assessing and strengthening key requirements of adaptive governance by examining how NbS-related knowledge is embedded and mobilised within stakeholder networks. The method is applied to an empirical case study of NbS implementation in Vienna, Austria. Drawing on social network analysis (SNA), actor-network theory, and an adaptive governance framework, the study analyses the relationship between actors’ NbS-related knowledge and their structural positions within the governance network, including formal authority, percieved trust, and exposure to informal and formal information flows. The results show that actors with high levels of NbS-relevant knowledge do not necessarily occupy central or influential positions within the governance network. In particular, knowledge is weakly aligned with formal authority, perceived trustworthiness, and access to informal information flows, indicating structural misalignments that may constrain effective NbS implementation. The findings demonstrate how SNA-based methods can operationalise core requirements of adaptive governance by making knowledge distributions, actors’ affiliations, and coordination patterns visible. By identifying knowledge gaps, communication barriers, and actors in potential bridging positions, the proposed approach provides an empirical basis for targeted network interventions. When combined with adaptive governance principles and emerging AI-based analytics, this method offers a scalable and cost-efficient toolkit for evidence-informed policy design, supporting the more effective mobilisation of knowledge and resources in NbS governance and implementation.